Repeated contrast is defined as which of the following?

• A. Orthogonal contrast
• B. Repeated contrast
• C. Difference contrast
• D. Simple contrast

Answer: (B)

Repeated contrasts use a coding of a factor with several ordered levels that forms contrasts comparing each level to the one immediately before it. In practice, with four ordered levels you’d test level 2 versus level 1, level 3 versus level 2, and level 4 versus level 3. This setup reveals a stepwise change from one level to the next, which is particularly useful when you expect a gradual effect across the ordered factor. Other contrast options test different hypotheses (for example, comparing each level to a reference level, or creating independent comparisons), but repeated contrasts specifically target adjacent, incremental differences between neighboring levels.