What is another name for a related design in experiments?

• A. another name for a repeated-measures design.
• B. a between-subjects design with separate groups.
• C. a factorial design with independent participants.
• D. a cross-sectional design.

Answer: (A)

A related design refers to measuring the same participants under multiple conditions, which is the essence of a repeated-measures design. Because the same people provide data for every condition, their scores are related (not independent), which often boosts statistical power by reducing error variance due to individual differences.

This contrasts with a between-subjects design, where different groups of participants are assigned to each condition, making the measurements independent. A factorial design with independent participants describes a design structure involving multiple factors with independent samples, not the relation between repeated measures. A cross-sectional design involves observing different people at one point in time rather than following the same participants across conditions.